4. IoT Technology and Protocols

IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking technologies. However, the major enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy wireless, low-energy radio protocols, LTE-A, and WIFI-Direct. These technologies support the specific networking functionality needed in an IoT system in contrast to a standard uniform network of common systems.

NFC and RFID:

RFID (radio-frequency identification) and NFC (near-field communication) provide simple, low energy, and versatile options for identity and access tokens, connection bootstrapping, and payments.
  •  RFID technology employs 2-way radio transmitter-receivers to identify and track tags associated with objects.
  • NFC consists of communication protocols for electronic devices, typically a mobile device and a standard device.

Low-Energy Bluetooth

This technology supports the low-power, long-use need of IoT function while exploiting a standard technology with native support across systems.

Low-Energy Wireless

This technology replaces the most power-hungry aspect of an IoT system. Though sensors and other elements can power down over long periods, communication links (i.e., wireless) must remain in listening mode. Low-energy wireless not only reduces consumption, but also extends the life of the device through less use.

Radio Protocols
ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Thread are radio protocols for creating low-rate private area networks. These technologies are low-power, but offer high throughput unlike many similar options. This increases the power of small local device networks without the typical costs.

LTE-A

LTE-A, or LTE Advanced, delivers an important upgrade to LTE technology by increasing not only its coverage, but also reducing its latency and raising its throughput. It gives IoT a tremendous power through expanding its range, with its most significant applications being vehicle, UAV, and similar communication.

WIFI-Direct

WIFI-Direct eliminates the need for an access point. It allows P2P (peer-to-peer) connections with the speed of Wi-Fi 33, but with lower latency. Wi-Fi 33-Direct eliminates an element of a network that often bogs it down, and it does not compromise on speed or throughput.


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